What the Bible Says About Governing: A Definition and Exploration

In the Bible, governing authority refers to the appointed leaders and rulers who are established by God to maintain order and justice (Romans 13:1-2). They are seen as instruments of God’s will, responsible for promoting good and punishing evil within society.

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Scripture

1 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities.
2 Therefore whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment.
3 For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval,
4 for he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.
5 Therefore one must be in subjection, not only to avoid God’s wrath but also for the sake of conscience.
6 For because of this you also pay taxes, for the authorities are ministers of God, attending to this very thing.
7 Pay to all what is owed to them: taxes to whom taxes are owed, revenue to whom revenue is owed, respect to whom respect is owed, honor to whom honor is owed.

Romans 13:1-7

Biblical Meaning of Governing Authority

The biblical concept of governing authority is deeply rooted in the idea that all authority ultimately comes from God. Romans 13:1-2 articulates this principle by stating, “Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God.” This passage suggests that earthly authorities are divinely appointed to uphold justice and societal order. The belief in a sovereign God who ordains rulers reinforces the importance of respecting and obeying civil authorities, as they play a pivotal role in God’s overarching plan. This aligns with Timothy 2:1-2, which encourages believers to pray for kings and all in high positions, highlighting that the health of society is linked to how these leaders conduct themselves.

However, the biblical understanding of authority is not unqualified. While governing authorities have the responsibility to promote good and punish evil, as seen in 1 Peter 2:14, there exists a moral imperative that guides their conduct. When rulers act unjustly or promote wickedness, believers are called to discern and resist such actions. Acts 5:29 emphasizes this point, where Peter and the apostles declare, “We must obey God rather than men,” indicating that divine authority supersedes human authority when they conflict. This duality in the biblical narrative illustrates that while God appoints leaders to maintain order, His ultimate sovereignty and the call to righteousness determine the true exercise of authority, warranting both respect and the courage to challenge injustice when necessary.

The notion of governing authority within the biblical framework extends beyond mere obedience; it also delineates the responsibilities that come with such authority. In Proverbs 8:15-16, wisdom is personified as proclaiming, “By me kings reign, and rulers decree what is just; by me princes rule, and nobles, all who govern justly.” This suggests that those in positions of power must seek wisdom to govern effectively. The stewardship of authority is not merely about exerting control; it is fundamentally about making righteous choices that reflect God’s justice and mercy. Leaders are thus seen as stewards of God’s will, tasked with promoting equity and upholding the moral law that God has established.

Furthermore, the theme of accountability is woven throughout the scriptures. In Isaiah 10:1-2, a severe warning is directed toward unjust rulers, highlighting that those who enact oppressive laws and deprive the needy of justice will ultimately face divine judgment. This serves as a reminder that governing authorities are not above God’s law; rather, they are accountable to it. In Micah 6:8, the essence of what God requires of His people, including leaders, is articulated: “To do justice, to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God.” Thus, the biblical understanding of authority is characterized by a balance—while leaders are ordained by God and worthy of respect, they are not exempt from the obligation to govern with justice and integrity. When they fail to do so, the faithful are compelled to advocate for righteousness and stand against injustice in accordance with God’s higher law.

Divine Sovereignty and Human Authority

The Bible presents the concept of governing authority as an extension of God’s sovereignty over creation. This means that all authority, whether in the form of government, leadership, or societal structures, is ultimately derived from God. Human authorities are seen as instruments through which God exercises His will on earth. This understanding encourages believers to recognize that while human leaders may wield power, they are accountable to a higher divine authority, which shapes their responsibilities and actions.

The Role of Justice and Order

Governing authority in the Bible is also associated with the establishment of justice and order within society. Authorities are tasked with maintaining peace, protecting the vulnerable, and ensuring that justice prevails. This reflects God’s character as a just and righteous ruler. The expectation is that governing bodies should act in ways that promote the common good, uphold moral standards, and reflect God’s justice, thereby fostering a society that aligns with divine principles.

The Call to Responsible Citizenship

Another significant aspect of governing authority in the Bible is the call for believers to engage responsibly with their governments. This includes not only obedience to laws and regulations but also active participation in the civic process. The biblical perspective encourages individuals to advocate for justice, support leaders who align with godly principles, and challenge authorities when they act contrary to God’s will. This dual responsibility of submission and active engagement reflects a balanced approach to living out faith in the context of societal governance.

How to Embrace Divine Order for a Responsible Christian Life

Embracing divine order in our lives as Christians means recognizing that God has a unique plan for each of us, and it’s our responsibility to align our actions with His will. Start by cultivating a daily practice of prayer and reflection, inviting the Holy Spirit to guide your decisions and priorities. This connection helps you discern what truly matters, allowing you to focus on love, service, and integrity in your relationships and responsibilities. Remember, divine order isn’t about rigid rules but about finding harmony in your life through faith and obedience. As you seek to live responsibly, consider how your choices reflect God’s love and purpose, and be open to the transformative power of His grace, which can lead you to a more fulfilling and impactful Christian life.

Bible References to Governing Authority:

1 Peter 2:13-17: 13 Be subject for the Lord’s sake to every human institution, whether it be to the emperor as supreme,
14 or to governors as sent by him to punish those who do evil and to praise those who do good.
15 For this is the will of God, that by doing good you should put to silence the ignorance of foolish people.
16 Live as people who are free, not using your freedom as a cover-up for evil, but living as servants of God.
17 Honor everyone. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honor the emperor.

Titus 3:1-2: 1 Remind them to be submissive to rulers and authorities, to be obedient, to be ready for every good work,
2 to speak evil of no one, to avoid quarreling, to be gentle, and to show perfect courtesy toward all people.

Proverbs 8:15-16: 15 By me kings reign, and rulers decree what is just;
16 By me princes rule, and nobles, all who govern justly.

Daniel 2:20-21: 20 Daniel answered and said: “Blessed be the name of God forever and ever, to whom belong wisdom and might.
21 He changes times and seasons; he removes kings and sets up kings; he gives wisdom to the wise and knowledge to those who have understanding;

Jeremiah 29:7: 7 But seek the welfare of the city where I have sent you into exile, and pray to the Lord on its behalf, for in its welfare you will find your welfare.

1 Timothy 2:1-2: 1 First of all, then, I urge that supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings be made for all people,
2 for kings and all who are in high positions, that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every way.

Exodus 18:21-23: 21 Moreover, look for able men from all the people, men who fear God, who are trustworthy and hate a bribe, and place such men over the people as chiefs of thousands, of hundreds, of fifties, and of tens.
22 And let them judge the people at all times. Every great matter they shall bring to you, but any small matter they shall decide themselves. So it will be easier for you, and they will bear the burden with you.
23 If you do this, God will direct you, you will be able to endure, and all this people also will go to their place in peace.”

Deuteronomy 16:18-20: 18 You shall appoint judges and officers in all your towns that the Lord your God is giving you, according to your tribes, and they shall judge the people with righteous judgment.
19 You shall not pervert justice. You shall not show partiality, and you shall not accept a bribe, for a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise and subverts the cause of the righteous.
20 Justice, and only justice, you shall follow, that you may live and inherit the land that the Lord your God is giving you.

Acts 5:29-32: 29 But Peter and the apostles answered, “We must obey God rather than men.
30 The God of our fathers raised Jesus, whom you killed by hanging him on a tree.
31 God exalted him at his right hand as Leader and Savior, to give repentance to Israel and forgiveness of sins.
32 And we are witnesses to these things, and so is the Holy Spirit, whom God has given to those who obey him.”

Matthew 22:15-22: 15 Then the Pharisees went and plotted how to entangle him in his words.
16 And they sent their disciples to him, along with the Herodians, saying, “Teacher, we know that you are true and teach the way of God truthfully, and you do not care about anyone’s opinion, for you are not swayed by appearances.
17 Tell us, then, what you think. Is it lawful to pay taxes to Caesar, or not?”
18 But Jesus, aware of their malice, said, “Why put me to the test, you hypocrites?
19 Show me the coin for the tax.” And they brought him a denarius.
20 And he said to them, “Whose likeness and inscription is this?”
21 They said to him, “Caesar’s.” Then he said to them, “Therefore render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s.”
22 When they heard it, they marveled. And they left him and went away.

Ecclesiastes 10:20: 10 Curse not the king, no, not even in your thoughts, and curse not the rich in your bedroom, for a bird of the air will carry your voice, or some winged creature tell the matter.

Psalm 72:1-4: 1 Give the king your justice, O God,
and your righteousness to the royal son!
2 May he judge your people with righteousness, and your poor with justice!
3 Let the mountains bear prosperity for the people, and the hills, in righteousness.
4 May he defend the cause of the poor of the people, give deliverance to the children of the needy, and crush the oppressor!

Isaiah 9:6-7: 6 For to us a child is born,
to us a son is given;
and the government shall be upon his shoulder,
and his name shall be called
Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God,
Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.
7 Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end, on the throne of David and over his kingdom, to establish it and to uphold it with justice and with righteousness from this time forth and forevermore. The zeal of the Lord of hosts will do this.

2 Samuel 23:3-4: 3 The God of Israel has spoken; the Rock of Israel has said to me: When one rules justly over men, ruling in the fear of God,
4 he dawns on them like the morning light,
like the sun shining forth on a cloudless morning,
like rain that makes grass to sprout from the earth.