Antilegomena refers to those books of the Bible that were disputed or questioned regarding their canonical status during the early church, such as Hebrews, James, and Revelation. These texts were ultimately accepted into the New Testament canon, despite the initial controversies surrounding their authenticity or authority.
Scripture
13 That very day two of them were going to a village named Emmaus, about seven miles from Jerusalem,
14 And they were talking with each other about all these things that had happened.
15 While they were talking and discussing together, Jesus himself drew near and went with them.
16 But their eyes were kept from recognizing him.
17 And he said to them, “What is this conversation that you are holding with each other as you walk?” And they stood still, looking sad.
18 Then one of them, named Cleopas, answered him, “Are you the only visitor to Jerusalem who does not know the things that have happened there in these days?”
19 And he said to them, “What things?” And they said to him, “Concerning Jesus of Nazareth, a man who was a prophet mighty in deed and word before God and all the people,
20 and how our chief priests and rulers delivered him up to be condemned to death, and crucified him.
21 But we had hoped that he was the one to redeem Israel. Yes, and besides all this, it is now the third day since these things happened.
22 Moreover, some women of our company amazed us. They were at the tomb early in the morning,
23 and did not find his body, they came back saying that they had even seen a vision of angels, who said that he was alive.
24 Some of those who were with us went to the tomb and found it just as the women had said, but him they did not see.”
25 And he said to them, “O foolish ones, and slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have spoken!
26 Was it not necessary that the Christ should suffer these things and enter into his glory?”
27 And beginning with Moses and all the Prophets, he interpreted to them in all the Scriptures the things concerning himself.
28 So they drew near to the village to which they were going. He acted as if he were going farther,
29 but they urged him strongly, saying, “Stay with us, for it is toward evening and the day is now far spent.” So he went in to stay with them.
30 When he was at table with them, he took the bread and blessed and broke it and gave it to them.
31 And their eyes were opened, and they recognized him. And he vanished from their sight.
32 They said to each other, “Did not our hearts burn within us while he talked to us on the road, while he opened to us the Scriptures?”
33 And they rose that same hour and returned to Jerusalem. And they found the eleven and those who were with them gathered together,
34 saying, “The Lord has risen indeed, and has appeared to Simon!”
35 Then they told what had happened on the road, and how he was known to them in the breaking of the bread.
Antilegomena: Biblical Definition Explained
The term “antilegomena,” meaning “spoken against,” applies to certain biblical books whose acceptance into the overarching canon of Scripture was questioned in the early Christian community. Prominent texts such as Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, Jude, and Revelation faced scrutiny due to factors like authorship disputes and theological challenges. For instance, the book of Hebrews, attributed to an unknown author, prompted varying opinions on its apostolic authority, while the book of Revelation was contested for its apocalyptic imagery and interpretation. Despite their initial contentious reception, these texts were ultimately affirmed for inclusion in the New Testament canon, underscoring the church’s commitment to discern the voice of the Holy Spirit through rigorous theological debate and community consensus (2 Timothy 3:16-17; 1 Thessalonians 2:13).
The broader meaning of antilegomena highlights the dynamic and sometimes contentious nature of scriptural authority and the early church’s journey towards establishing a unified canon. This process reflects the community’s reliance on divine guidance and the importance of Scripture in shaping Christian belief and practice. The discussions surrounding antilegomena remind believers that faith is not a blind acceptance but rather an informed commitment to understand God’s revelation. Furthermore, the eventual acceptance of these texts underscores the principle that the authority of Scripture is rooted in its ability to convey the truth of the gospel and foster transformative faith, as seen in 2 Timothy 4:2, where believers are encouraged to “preach the word; be prepared in season and out of season.” Thus, antilegomena serves as a historical reminder of the church’s unity in diversity, affirming that differing perspectives can ultimately contribute to a deeper understanding of divine revelation.
The concept of antilegomena invites reflection on the early church’s struggle with discerning which texts truly conveyed the message of Christ and the apostolic tradition. This struggle was not merely about historical veracity but also involved considerations of theological alignment with the core tenets of the Christian faith. Books that faced opposition, like the Epistle of James, were scrutinized for their practical approach to faith, which some believed conflicted with the theological underpinnings present in Paul’s letters. The debates surrounding such texts reveal the community’s commitment to ensuring that writings within the canon did not merely echo popular sentiments but were consistent with the holistic understanding of the gospel.
Moreover, the process of resolving the status of these antilegomena reflects broader themes of affirmation and rejection that are inherent in the life of the church. Council meetings, debates, and letters exchanged among early church leaders illustrate a collective striving for clarity in understanding God’s word. The eventual recognition of these contested books suggests that the faith community, through careful consideration and prayerful discernment, sought to maintain the integrity of Scripture by acknowledging even those writings initially perceived as problematic. It serves as a powerful reminder that faith is continuously shaped by dialogue, reflection, and the willingness to engage with various viewpoints, ultimately leading to a richer tapestry of belief that nourishes and challenges the faith of believers across generations.
Understanding Antilegomena in Biblical Canon Formation
Antilegomena refers to those books of the Bible that were disputed or questioned regarding their authenticity and authority during the early formation of the biblical canon. This term highlights the complexities involved in determining which texts were divinely inspired and should be included in the canon. The process of canonization involved rigorous debate and discernment among early church leaders, reflecting the diverse beliefs and practices within early Christianity. The existence of antilegomena underscores the importance of historical context and theological considerations in the development of the biblical canon.
Theological Implications of Antilegomena
The presence of antilegomena in the biblical canon raises significant theological questions about the nature of scripture and divine revelation. It invites believers to engage in critical reflection on the criteria used to determine the authority of biblical texts. This can lead to a deeper understanding of the relationship between tradition, interpretation, and the role of the Holy Spirit in guiding the church. Furthermore, the discussion surrounding antilegomena encourages a more nuanced view of scripture, recognizing that not all texts are universally accepted, yet each contributes to the broader narrative of faith and revelation within the Christian tradition.
How to Strengthen Faith Through Understanding Challenging Scriptures
As you embark on the journey of strengthening your faith, it’s essential to embrace the challenging scriptures that often leave us puzzled or uncomfortable. Instead of shying away from these passages, approach them with an open heart and a curious mind. Take time to pray for wisdom and understanding, and consider studying them in the context of the entire biblical narrative. Engaging with commentaries, discussing with fellow believers, or even journaling your thoughts can illuminate deeper meanings and reveal how these scriptures relate to your own life. Remember, faith is not the absence of doubt but the courage to seek answers and grow through the struggle. By wrestling with these difficult texts, you not only deepen your understanding of God’s word but also cultivate a more resilient and authentic faith that can withstand life’s challenges.
Bible References to Antilegomena Defined:
John 7:53-8:11: 53 They went each to his own house,
1 but Jesus went to the Mount of Olives.
2 Early in the morning he came again to the temple. All the people came to him, and he sat down and taught them.
3 The scribes and the Pharisees brought a woman who had been caught in adultery, and placing her in the midst.
4 they said to him, “Teacher, this woman has been caught in the act of adultery.
5 Now in the Law, Moses commanded us to stone such women. So what do you say?”
6 This they said to test him, that they might have some charge to bring against him. Jesus bent down and wrote with his finger on the ground.
7 And as they continued to ask him, he stood up and said to them, “Let him who is without sin among you be the first to throw a stone at her.”
8 And once more he bent down and wrote on the ground.
9 But when they heard it, they went away one by one, beginning with the older ones, and Jesus was left alone with the woman standing before him.
10 Jesus stood up and said to her, “Woman, where are they? Has no one condemned you?”
11 She said, “No one, Lord.” And Jesus said, “Neither do I condemn you; go, and from now on sin no more.”
2 Peter 3:15-16: 15 And count the patience of our Lord as salvation, just as our beloved brother Paul also wrote to you according to the wisdom given him,
16 as he does in all his letters when he speaks in them of these matters. There are some things in them that are hard to understand, which the ignorant and unstable twist to their own destruction, as they do the other Scriptures.
Hebrews 6:1-8: 1 Therefore let us leave the elementary doctrine of Christ and go on to maturity, not laying again a foundation of repentance from dead works and of faith toward God,
2 and of instruction about washings, the laying on of hands, the resurrection of the dead, and eternal judgment.
3 And this we will do if God permits.
For it is impossible, in the case of those who have once been enlightened, who have tasted the heavenly gift, and have shared in the Holy Spirit,
5 and have tasted the goodness of the word of God and the powers of the age to come,
6 and then have fallen away, to restore them again to repentance, since they are crucifying once again the Son of God to their own harm and holding him up to contempt.
7 For land that has drunk the rain that often falls on it, and produces a crop useful to those for whose sake it is cultivated, receives a blessing from God.
8 But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and near to being cursed, and its end is to be burned.
Revelation 22:18-19: 18 I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book,
19 and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book.
James 2:14-26: 14 What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith but does not have works? Can that faith save him?
15 If a brother or sister is poorly clothed and lacking in daily food,
16 and one of you says to them, “Go in peace, be warmed and filled,” without giving them the things needed for the body, what good is that?
17 So also faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead.
18 But someone will say, “You have faith and I have works.” Show me your faith apart from your works, and I will show you my faith by my works.
19 You believe that God is one; you do well. Even the demons believe—and shudder.
20 Do you want to be shown, you foolish person, that faith apart from works is useless?
21 Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered up his son Isaac on the altar?
22 You see that faith was active along with his works, and faith was completed by his works;
23 and the Scripture was fulfilled that says, “Abraham believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness”—and he was called a friend of God.
24 You see that a person is justified by works and not by faith alone.
25 And in the same way was not also Rahab the prostitute justified by works when she received the messengers and sent them out by another way?
26 For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, so also faith apart from works is dead.
2 John 1:7-11: 7 For many deceivers have gone out into the world, those who do not confess the coming of Jesus Christ in the flesh. Such a one is the deceiver and the antichrist.
8 Watch yourselves, so that you may not lose what we have worked for, but may win a full reward.
9 Everyone who goes on ahead and does not abide in the teaching of Christ, does not have God. Whoever abides in the teaching has both the Father and the Son.
10 If anyone comes to you and does not bring this teaching, do not receive him into your house or give him any greeting,
11 For whoever greets him takes part in his wicked works.
3 John 1:9-12: 9 I have written something to the church, but Diotrephes, who likes to put himself first, does not acknowledge our authority.
10 So if I come, I will bring up what he is doing, talking wicked nonsense against us. And not content with that, he refuses to welcome the brothers, and also stops those who want to and puts them out of the church.
11 Beloved, do not imitate evil but imitate good. Whoever does good is from God; whoever does evil has not seen God.
12 Demetrius has received a good testimony from everyone, and from the truth itself. We also add our testimony, and you know that our testimony is true.
Jude 1:3-16: 3 Beloved, although I was very eager to write to you about our common salvation, I found it necessary to write appealing to you to contend for the faith that was once for all delivered to the saints.
4 For certain people have crept in unnoticed who long ago were designated for this condemnation, ungodly people, who pervert the grace of our God into sensuality and deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.
5 Now I want to remind you, although you once fully knew it, that Jesus, who saved a people out of the land of Egypt, afterward destroyed those who did not believe.
6 And the angels who did not stay within their own position of authority, but left their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains under gloomy darkness until the judgment of the great day.
7 just as Sodom and Gomorrah and the surrounding cities, which likewise indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire, serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire.
8 Yet in like manner these people also, relying on their dreams, defile the flesh, reject authority, and blaspheme the glorious ones.
9 But when the archangel Michael, contending with the devil, was disputing about the body of Moses, he did not presume to pronounce a blasphemous judgment, but said, “The Lord rebuke you.”
10 But these people blaspheme all that they do not understand, and they are destroyed by all that they, like unreasoning animals, understand instinctively.
11 Woe to them! For they walked in the way of Cain and abandoned themselves for the sake of gain to Balaam’s error and perished in Korah’s rebellion.
12 These are hidden reefs at your love feasts, as they feast with you without fear, shepherds feeding themselves; waterless clouds, swept along by winds; fruitless trees in late autumn, twice dead, uprooted;
13 wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the gloom of utter darkness has been reserved forever.
14 It was also about these that Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied, saying, “Behold, the Lord comes with ten thousands of his holy ones,
15 to execute judgment on all and to convict all the ungodly of all their deeds of ungodliness that they have committed in such an ungodly way, and of all the harsh things that ungodly sinners have spoken against him.”
16 These are grumblers, malcontents, following their own sinful desires; they are loud-mouthed boasters, showing favoritism to gain advantage.
Mark 16:9-20: 9 [[Now when he rose early on the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, from whom he had cast out seven demons.]]
10 She went and told those who had been with him, as they mourned and wept.
11 But when they heard that he was alive and had been seen by her, they would not believe it.
12 After these things he appeared in another form to two of them, as they were walking into the country.
13 And they went back and told the rest, but they did not believe them.
14 Afterward he appeared to the eleven themselves as they were reclining at table, and he rebuked them for their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they had not believed those who saw him after he had risen.
15 And he said to them, “Go into all the world and proclaim the gospel to the whole creation.
16 Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved, but whoever does not believe will be condemned.
17 And these signs will accompany those who believe: in my name they will cast out demons; they will speak in new tongues;
18 they will pick up serpents with their hands; and if they drink any deadly poison, it will not hurt them; they will lay their hands on the sick, and they will recover.”
19 So then the Lord Jesus, after he had spoken to them, was taken up into heaven and sat down at the right hand of God.
20 And they went out and preached everywhere, while the Lord worked with them and confirmed the message by accompanying signs.
Reverend Ogunlade is a seasoned Church Minister with over three decades of experience in guiding and nurturing congregations. With profound wisdom and a serene approach, Reverend Ogunlade has carried out various pastoral duties, including delivering uplifting sermons, conducting religious ceremonies, and offering sage counsel to individuals seeking spiritual guidance. Their commitment to fostering harmony and righteousness within their community is exemplified through their compassionate nature, making them a beloved and trusted figure among the congregation.