In the Old Testament, a covenant is a solemn agreement or promise made between God and His people, often characterized by stipulations, blessings, and curses (e.g., the Noahic, Abrahamic, and Mosaic covenants). It signifies a committed relationship in which God pledges His faithfulness and the people are called to obedience.
Scripture
8 Then God said to Noah and to his sons with him,
9 “Behold, I establish my covenant with you and your offspring after you,”
10 and with every living creature that is with you, the birds, the livestock, and every beast of the earth with you, as many as came out of the ark; it is for every beast of the earth.
11 I establish my covenant with you, that never again shall all flesh be cut off by the waters of the flood, and never again shall there be a flood to destroy the earth.”
12 And God said, “This is the sign of the covenant that I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you, for all future generations:
13 I have set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between me and the earth.
14 When I bring clouds over the earth and the bow is seen in the clouds,
15 I will remember my covenant that is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh. And the waters shall never again become a flood to destroy all flesh.
16 When the bow is in the clouds, I will see it and remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth.”
17 God said to Noah, “This is the sign of the covenant that I have established between me and all flesh that is on the earth.”
Covenant Meaning in the Old Testament
The concept of covenant in the Old Testament embodies a profound and multifaceted relationship between God and His chosen people. Each covenant represents a divine commitment that encompasses not only God’s promises but also the expected responses of His people. For instance, the Abrahamic covenant, as outlined in Genesis 12:1-3, establishes God’s promise to bless Abraham and his descendants, making them a great nation. The stipulations here are tied to Abraham’s faith and obedience, highlighting the two-way nature of covenants. Similarly, the Mosaic covenant, found in Exodus 19-24, articulates a framework where God’s laws (the Ten Commandments and additional statutes) are given to the Israelites in exchange for their fidelity, creating a society bound by divine order and moral accountability.
Beyond mere legalistic agreements, covenants in the Old Testament represent an unfolding narrative of redemption and relationship. The prophets frequently remind the people of Israel of their covenant obligations and the consequences of failing to uphold them (e.g., Jeremiah 31:31-34 speaks of a “new covenant” that emphasizes internal transformation). This relational dynamic illustrates that covenants are not static contracts but are integral to God’s plan for humanity’s restoration and to forming an identity for His people. Hence, the broader meaning of covenant is rooted in the themes of faithfulness, grace, and the call to be a covenant community that reflects God’s character in the world, demonstrating the deep intertwining of divine promise and human response across the biblical narrative.
The Old Testament sets forth several key covenants, each serving as a significant milestone in the theological framework of God’s relationship with humanity. The Noachic covenant, established after the flood in Genesis 9:8-17, marks a critical point where God promises never to destroy the earth again by flood, signified by the rainbow. This covenant is universal in scope, extending to all of creation and emphasizing God’s enduring mercy despite human transgression. Thus, it establishes a foundational understanding of divine grace and the protection afforded to life, as well as the belief that God’s intentions for creation include preservation and communal harmony.
Additionally, the Davidic covenant in 2 Samuel 7 elaborates on God’s promise to David regarding the establishment of an everlasting kingdom through his lineage. This covenant signifies God’s commitment to an ongoing relationship with His chosen leader and foreshadows the coming of the Messiah, further affirming the link between covenantal promise and fulfillment throughout Israel’s history. Each covenant builds on the previous ones, creating a tapestry of divine assurance and human responsibility, where leaders and nations are called to align with God’s will. These interactions illustrate the nature of covenantal theology, characterized by a balance of divine fidelity and the call for obedience, forming a rich spiritual heritage that shapes the identity of Israel and sets the stage for future revelations of God’s plans for humanity.
Divine Relationship and Commitment
In the Old Testament, a covenant represents a profound relationship between God and His people, characterized by mutual commitment. This divine agreement establishes a framework for how God interacts with humanity, emphasizing His faithfulness and love. The covenant is not merely a legal contract; it embodies a deep, personal bond that calls for loyalty and obedience from both parties. This relationship is often marked by promises and stipulations, highlighting the seriousness of the commitment involved.
A Framework for Community and Identity
Covenants in the Old Testament also serve as a foundational framework for community and identity among the Israelites. They define the social and moral obligations of the people, shaping their collective identity as God’s chosen nation. Through covenants, the Israelites understand their purpose, responsibilities, and the ethical standards they are to uphold. This communal aspect reinforces the idea that the covenant is not just an individual agreement but a collective commitment that binds the community together under God’s guidance.
A Foreshadowing of Redemption
The covenants in the Old Testament also carry a broader theological significance as they foreshadow the ultimate redemption plan through Jesus Christ. Each covenant, whether with Noah, Abraham, or Moses, reveals aspects of God’s character and His desire to restore humanity. They set the stage for the New Covenant, which fulfills and transcends the earlier agreements, offering a deeper understanding of grace, forgiveness, and reconciliation. This prophetic dimension highlights the continuity of God’s redemptive work throughout biblical history.
How to Embrace Divine Promise and Strengthen Human Commitment
Embracing divine promise while strengthening our human commitment is a beautiful journey of faith that invites us to trust in God’s unwavering love and guidance. Start by immersing yourself in Scripture, where you’ll find countless examples of God’s promises—like the assurance of His presence in Isaiah 41:10, which reminds us that we need not fear because He is with us. Reflect on these promises in your daily life, allowing them to inspire hope and resilience. As you do, consider how you can respond with commitment: perhaps through prayer, acts of service, or simply being present for those in need. Remember, our commitment is not about perfection but about progress; it’s about showing up, even when it’s hard, and leaning into the grace that God offers us. By intertwining your trust in His promises with your actions, you’ll find a deeper connection to your faith and a more profound sense of purpose in your everyday life.
Bible References to Old Testament Covenants:
Genesis 15:1-21: 1 After these things the word of the Lord came to Abram in a vision: “Fear not, Abram, I am your shield; your reward shall be very great.”
2 But Abram said, “O Lord God, what will you give me, for I continue childless, and the heir of my house is Eliezer of Damascus?”
3 And Abram said, “Behold, you have given me no offspring, and a member of my household will be my heir.”
4 And behold, the word of the Lord came to him: “This man shall not be your heir; your very own son shall be your heir.”
5 And he brought him outside and said, “Look toward heaven, and number the stars, if you are able to number them.” Then he said to him, “So shall your offspring be.”
6 And he believed the Lord, and he counted it to him as righteousness.
7 And he said to him, “I am the Lord who brought you out from Ur of the Chaldeans to give you this land to possess.”
8 But he said, “O Lord God, how am I to know that I shall possess it?”
9 He said to him, “Bring me a heifer three years old, a female goat three years old, a ram three years old, a turtledove, and a young pigeon.”
10 And he brought him all these, cut them in half, and laid each half over against the other. But he did not cut the birds in half.
11 And when birds of prey came down on the carcasses, Abram drove them away.
12 As the sun was going down, a deep sleep fell on Abram. And behold, dreadful and great darkness fell upon him.
13 Then the Lord said to Abram, “Know for certain that your offspring will be sojourners in a land that is not theirs and will be servants there, and they will be afflicted for four hundred years.
14 But I will bring judgment on the nation that they serve, and afterward they shall come out with great possessions.
15 As for you, you shall go to your fathers in peace; you shall be buried in a good old age.
16 And they shall come back here in the fourth generation, for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet complete.
17 When the sun had gone down and it was dark, behold, a smoking fire pot and a flaming torch passed between these pieces.
18 On that day the Lord made a covenant with Abram, saying, “To your offspring I give this land, from the river of Egypt to the great river, the river Euphrates,
19 the land of the Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites,
20 the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Rephaim,
21 And the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Girgashites, and the Jebusites.
Genesis 17:1-14: 1 When Abram was ninety-nine years old the Lord appeared to Abram and said to him, “I am God Almighty; walk before me, and be blameless,
2 “I will establish my covenant between me and you, and I will multiply you exceedingly.”
3 Then Abram fell on his face. And God said to him,
4 “Behold, my covenant is with you, and you shall be the father of a multitude of nations.”
5 No longer shall your name be called Abram, but your name shall be Abraham, for I have made you the father of a multitude of nations.
6 I will make you exceedingly fruitful, and I will make you into nations, and kings shall come from you.
7 And I will establish my covenant between me and you and your offspring after you throughout their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and to your offspring after you.
8 And I will give to you and to your offspring after you the land of your sojournings, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession, and I will be their God.”
9 And God said to Abraham, “As for you, you shall keep my covenant, you and your offspring after you throughout their generations.
10 This is my covenant, which you shall keep, between me and you and your offspring after you: Every male among you shall be circumcised.
11 You shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskins, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between me and you.
12 He who is eight days old among you shall be circumcised. Throughout your generations, every male among you shall be circumcised at eight days old, including those born in your house or bought with money from any foreigner who is not of your offspring.
13 He who is born in your house and he who is bought with your money, shall surely be circumcised. So shall my covenant be in your flesh an everlasting covenant.
14 Any uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin shall be cut off from his people; he has broken my covenant.”
Exodus 19:3-8: 3 while Moses went up to God. The Lord called to him out of the mountain, saying, “Thus you shall say to the house of Jacob, and tell the people of Israel:
4 You yourselves have seen what I did to the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles’ wings and brought you to myself.
5 Now therefore, if you will indeed obey my voice and keep my covenant, you shall be my treasured possession among all peoples, for all the earth is mine.
6 and you shall be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. These are the words that you shall speak to the people of Israel.”
7 So Moses came and called the elders of the people and set before them all these words that the Lord had commanded him.
8 All the people answered together and said, “All that the Lord has spoken we will do.” And Moses reported the words of the people to the Lord.
Exodus 24:3-8: 3 Moses came and told the people all the words of the Lord and all the rules. And all the people answered with one voice and said, “All the words that the Lord has spoken we will do.”
4 And Moses wrote down all the words of the Lord. He rose early in the morning and built an altar at the foot of the mountain, and twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of Israel.
5 And he sent young men of the people of Israel, who offered burnt offerings and sacrificed peace offerings of oxen to the Lord.
6 And Moses took half of the blood and put it in basins, and half of the blood he threw against the altar.
7 Then he took the Book of the Covenant and read it in the hearing of the people. And they said, “All that the Lord has spoken we will do, and we will be obedient.”
8 And Moses took the blood and threw it on the people and said, “Behold the blood of the covenant that the Lord has made with you in accordance with all these words.”
Deuteronomy 4:23-31: 23 Take care, lest you forget the covenant of the Lord your God, which he made with you, and make a carved image, the form of anything that the Lord your God has forbidden you.
24 For the Lord your God is a consuming fire, a jealous God.
25 “When you father children and children’s children, and have grown old in the land, if you act corruptly by making a carved image in the form of anything, and by doing what is evil in the sight of the Lord your God, so as to provoke him to anger,
26 I call heaven and earth to witness against you today, that you will soon utterly perish from the land that you are going over the Jordan to possess. You will not live long in it, but will be utterly destroyed.
27 And the Lord will scatter you among the peoples, and you will be left few in number among the nations where the Lord will drive you.
28 And there you will serve gods of wood and stone, the work of human hands, that neither see, nor hear, nor eat, nor smell.
29 But from there you will seek the Lord your God and you will find him, if you search after him with all your heart and with all your soul.
30 When you are in tribulation, and all these things come upon you in the latter days, you will return to the Lord your God and obey his voice.
31 for the Lord your God is a merciful God. He will not leave you or destroy you or forget the covenant with your fathers that he swore to them.
Deuteronomy 7:9-12: 9 Know therefore that the Lord your God is God, the faithful God who keeps covenant and steadfast love with those who love him and keep his commandments, to a thousand generations.
10 but repays to their face those who hate him, by destroying them. He will not be slack with one who hates him. He will repay him to his face.
11 You shall therefore be careful to do the commandment and the statutes and the rules that I command you today.
12 And because you listen to these rules and keep and do them, the Lord your God will keep with you the covenant and the steadfast love that he swore to your fathers.
Deuteronomy 29:1-29: These are the words of the covenant that the Lord commanded Moses to make with the people of Israel in the land of Moab, besides the covenant that he had made with them at Horeb.
2 And Moses summoned all Israel and said to them: “You have seen all that the Lord did before your eyes in the land of Egypt, to Pharaoh and to all his servants and to all his land,
3 the great trials that your eyes saw, the signs, and those great wonders.
4 But to this day the Lord has not given you a heart to understand or eyes to see or ears to hear.
5 I have led you forty years in the wilderness. Your clothes have not worn out on you, and your sandals have not worn off your feet.
6 You have not eaten bread, and you have not drunk wine or strong drink, that you may know that I am the Lord your God.
7 And when you came to this place, Sihon the king of Heshbon and Og the king of Bashan came out against us to battle, but we defeated them.
8 then we turned and journeyed into the wilderness in the direction of the Red Sea, as the Lord told me. And for many days we traveled around Mount Seir.
9 Therefore keep the words of this covenant and do them, that you may prosper in all that you do.
10 “You are standing today all of you before the Lord your God: the heads of your tribes, your elders, and your officers, all the men of Israel,
11 your little ones, your wives, and the sojourner who is in your camp, from the one who chops your wood to the one who draws your water,
12 that you may enter into the sworn covenant of the Lord your God, which the Lord your God is making with you today,
13 that he may establish you today as his people, and that he may be your God, as he promised you, and as he swore to your fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob.
14 It is not with you alone that I am making this sworn covenant, – Deuteronomy 29:14 (ESV)
15 but with whoever is standing here with us today before the Lord our God, and with whoever is not here with us today.
16 “You know how we lived in the land of Egypt, and how we came through the midst of the nations through which you passed.
17 “And you have seen their detestable things, their idols of wood and stone, of silver and gold, which were among them.
18 Beware lest there be among you a man or woman or clan or tribe whose heart is turning away today from the Lord our God to go and serve the gods of those nations.
19 one who, when he hears the words of this sworn covenant, blesses himself in his heart, saying, ‘I shall be safe, though I walk in the stubbornness of my heart.’ This will lead to the sweeping away of moist and dry alike.
20 The Lord will not be willing to forgive him, but rather the anger of the Lord and his jealousy will smoke against that man, and the curses written in this book will settle upon him, and the Lord will blot out his name from under heaven.
21 And the Lord will single him out from all the tribes of Israel for calamity, in accordance with all the curses of the covenant written in this Book of the Law.
22 And the next generation, your children who rise up after you, and the foreigner who comes from a far land, will say, when they see the afflictions of that land and the sicknesses with which the Lord has made it sick—
23 the whole land burned out with brimstone and salt, nothing sown and nothing growing, where no plant can sprout, an overthrow like that of Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, which the Lord overthrew in his anger and wrath—
24 all the nations will say, ‘Why has the Lord done thus to this land? What caused the heat of this great anger?’
25 Then people will say, ‘It is because they abandoned the covenant of the Lord, the God of their fathers, which he made with them when he brought them out of the land of Egypt.’
26 They went and served other gods and worshiped them, gods whom they had not known and whom he had not allotted to them.
27 Therefore the anger of the Lord was kindled against this land, bringing upon it all the curses written in this book,
28 and the Lord uprooted them from their land in anger and fury and great wrath, and cast them into another land, as they are this day.’
29 The secret things belong to the Lord our God, but the things that are revealed belong to us and to our children forever, that we may do all the words of this law.
2 Samuel 7:4-17: 4 But that same night the word of the Lord came to Nathan,
5 “Go and tell my servant David, ‘Thus says the Lord: Would you build me a house to dwell in?
6 I have not lived in a house since the day I brought up the people of Israel from Egypt to this day, but I have been moving about in a tent for my dwelling.
7 In all the places where I have moved with all the people of Israel, did I speak a word with any of the judges of Israel, whom I commanded to shepherd my people Israel, saying, “Why have you not built me a house of cedar?”
8 Now, therefore, thus you shall say to my servant David, ‘Thus says the Lord of hosts, I took you from the pasture, from following the sheep, that you should be prince over my people Israel.
9 And I have been with you wherever you went and have cut off all your enemies from before you. And I will make for you a great name, like the name of the great ones of the earth.
10 And I will appoint a place for my people Israel and will plant them, so that they may dwell in their own place and be disturbed no more. And violent men shall afflict them no more, as formerly,
11 from the time that I appointed judges over my people Israel. And I will give you rest from all your enemies. Moreover, the Lord declares to you that the Lord will make you a house.
12 When your days are fulfilled and you lie down with your fathers, I will raise up your offspring after you, who shall come from your body, and I will establish his kingdom.
13 He shall build a house for my name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever.
14 I will be to him a father, and he shall be to me a son. When he commits iniquity, I will discipline him with the rod of men, with the stripes of the sons of men,
15 but my steadfast love will not depart from him, as I took it from Saul, whom I put away from before you.
16 And your house and your kingdom shall be made sure forever before me. Your throne shall be established forever.
17 In accordance with all these words, and in accordance with all this vision, Nathan spoke to David.
Jeremiah 31:31-34: 31 “Behold, the days are coming, declares the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah,
32 not like the covenant that I made with their fathers on the day when I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt, my covenant that they broke, though I was their husband, declares the Lord.
33 For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the Lord: I will put my law within them, and I will write it on their hearts. And I will be their God, and they shall be my people.
34 And no longer shall each one teach his neighbor and each his brother, saying, ‘Know the Lord,’ for they shall all know me, from the least of them to the greatest, declares the Lord.
Ezekiel 16:59-63: 59 For thus says the Lord God: I will deal with you as you have done, you who have despised the oath in breaking the covenant,
60 yet I will remember my covenant with you in the days of your youth, and I will establish for you an everlasting covenant.
61 Then you will remember your ways and be ashamed when you take your sisters, both your elder and your younger, and I give them to you as daughters, but not on account of the covenant with you.
62 I will establish my covenant with you, and you shall know that I am the Lord,
63 that you may remember and be confounded, and never open your mouth again because of your shame, when I atone for you for all that you have done, declares the Lord God.”
Rev. François Dupont is a dedicated church minister with a wealth of experience in serving spiritual communities. With a calm and serene demeanor, he has been devoted to sharing the message of love, compassion, and tolerance for over two decades. Through his thoughtful sermons, compassionate counseling, and unwavering support, Rev. Dupont has touched the lives of countless individuals, allowing them to find solace and strength during difficult times. His serene presence and deep understanding of the human condition make him a trusted guide for those seeking spiritual nourishment and guidance.